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4cbb17bf9e710bd992cc065afc9da55ae596df0a
go_subnetter/README.html
brent saner 4cbb17bf9e v0.3.0 
* Default is now previous single-verbosity level; it was too annoying to
  add the -v every time.
** -q/--quiet has been added to return to the previous default output
2025-11-08 23:34:42 -05:00

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<title>Subnetter</title>
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</head>
<body class="book toc2 toc-left">
<div id="header">
<h1>Subnetter</h1>
<div class="details">
<span id="author" class="author">Brent Saner</span><br>
<span id="email" class="email"><a href="mailto:bts@square-r00t.net">bts@square-r00t.net</a></span><br>
<span id="revdate">Last rendered 2025-11-08 23:34:42 -0500</span>
</div>
<div id="toc" class="toc2">
<div id="toctitle">Table of Contents</div>
<ul class="sectlevel1">
<li><a href="#wat">1. What is it?</a></li>
<li><a href="#out">2. Output</a></li>
<li><a href="#ref">3. References</a></li>
<li><a href="#ack">4. Acknowledgements</a>
<ul class="sectlevel2">
<li><a href="#ack_segrefdiag">4.1. IPv6 Segment Reference Diagram</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
<div id="content">
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="wat"><a class="link" href="#wat">1. What is it?</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>A tool to assist in design of segregate/segment/split/subnet networks.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="out"><a class="link" href="#out">2. Output</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p><code>PTP</code> refers to "Peer-to-Peer" (e.g. <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 3021</a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>6rd</code> refers to "IPv6 Rapid Deployment", a derivation of 6to4 (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5569" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 5569</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5969" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 5969</a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>LIR</code> refers to "Local Internet Registry" (<a href="https://www.arin.net/participate/policy/nrpm/#2-4-local-internet-registry-lir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ARIN</a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>RIR</code> refers to "Regional Internet Registry" (<a href="https://www.arin.net/participate/policy/nrpm/#2-2-regional-internet-registry-rir" target="_blank" rel="noopener">ARIN</a>).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>Unicast</code> refers to "Global Unicast" (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1122" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 1122</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291#section-2.5.4" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4291 § 2.5.4</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4632" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4632</a>).</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For IPv6 addresses, it will be <code>true</code> for ULA (<em>Unique Local Addresses</em>) (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4193</a>) also.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>For IPv4 addresses, it will be <code>true</code> if the address is routable by external hosts (a unicast address), including private IP addresses (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 1918</a>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>ILM</code> refers to "Interface-Local Multicast" (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291#section-2.7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4291 § 2.7</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7346" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 7346</a>).</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>It will always be <code>false</code> for IPv4 addresses.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>LLM</code> refers to "Link-Local Multicast" (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291#section-2.7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4291 § 2.7</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7346" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 7346</a>).</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For IPv4 addresses, it will be <code>true</code> if it is in the <code>224.0.0.0/4</code> range (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5735" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 5735</a>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>LLU</code> refers to "Link-Local Unicast" (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291#section-2.7" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4291 § 2.7</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7346" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 7346</a>).</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For IPv4 addresses, it will be <code>true</code> if it is an APIPA (<em>Automatic Private IP Addressing</em>) address (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3927" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 3927</a>) (in the <code>169.254.0.0/16</code> range).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p><code>First</code> and <code>Last</code> refer to the first and last "usable" ("host"/assignable) addresses in a subnet/network.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>Note that for IPv6, the first address (<code>x::</code>) in a subnet <strong>may</strong> or <strong>may not</strong> be assignable/"usable". If it is assigned to a device, that device <strong>must</strong> be a router for anycast. See <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4291#section-2.6.1" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4291 § 2.6.1</a> for details. In the interest of convenience, <code>subnetter</code> will report this address as <strong>not usable/addressable</strong> in ranges for this reason as it is technically not a "host" address.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Note that for IPv6, some subnetting calculators erroneously report the last address as usable. They are reserved in strictly RFC-compliant networks for anycast reasons (per <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2526" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 2526</a>). Subnetter follows RFC as closely as possible, and any deviation from RFC is considered a bug&#8201;&#8212;&#8201;as such, the last address of IPv6 subnets is considered <strong>not usable/addressable</strong>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>There are additional restrictions for /64 subnets, but they fall earlier in the range. These are <strong>not explicitly excluded</strong> in the usable host range, nor are they excluded from the total host count.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>Private networks (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1918" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 1918</a>), ULA prefixes (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4193" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 4193</a>), and documentation prefixes (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3849" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 3849</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5737" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 5737</a>, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc9637" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 9637</a>) are treated as "normal" networks (in that it is allowed to subnet them).</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Various other reserved IPv4 and IPv6 addresses/networks will print warnings with their corresponding RFC(s) (unless <code>-R</code>/<code>--allow-reserved</code> is specified) if they are specified as/included in the initial prefix/network. (<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc6890" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 6890</a> and its update via <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8190" target="_blank" rel="noopener">RFC 8190</a> are useful summaries.) Note that for checking to function, an Internet connection is required as it pulls it directly from IANA live to ensure the data is accurate to standards. This may be cached locally if <code>-c</code>/<code>--cache-reservations</code> is specified, in which case a locally-cached copy will be used if present and populated then used if not.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>The cache directory may be specified by <code>-C</code>/<code>--cache-dir</code> (which can be specifically defaulted via the <code>SBNTR_RSVCACHE_DIR</code> environment variable). If it is not specified, the default (see below) will be used.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>This directory&#8217;s default location determined by the following, and will be created if it doesn&#8217;t exist:</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>For non-Windows systems (macOS, Linux, etc.)&#8230;&#8203;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>If <a href="https://specifications.freedesktop.org/basedir-spec/latest/#variables" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the <code>XDG_CACHE_HOME</code> environment variable</a> is present, it will be <code>${XDG_CACHE_HOME}/subnetter/</code>. (If XDG base dirs are enabled, this is usually <code>~/.cache/subnetter/</code> or, explicitly, <code>/home/&lt;username&gt;/.cache/subnetter/</code>)</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>If the <code>XDG_CACHE_HOME</code> environment variable is not present&#8230;&#8203;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>On macOS, an explicit fallback of <code>~/Library/Caches/subnetter/</code> will be used. (To my knowledge/understanding, this is the standard user cache directory and cannot be changed.) This usually evaluates to <code>/Users/&lt;username&gt;/Library/Caches/subnetter/</code>.</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>On all others, an explicit fallback of <code>~/.cache/subnetter</code> will be used.</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>On most non-macOS/*NIX-like systems , this is usually <code>/home/&lt;username&gt;/.cache/subetter/</code>, provided normal user homes. On <a href="http://p9f.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Plan9</a> platforms (e.g. <a href="https://9p.io/plan9/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Plan 9 4th Ed.</a>, <a href="https://9front.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">9front</a>, <a href="http://9legacy.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">9legacy</a>), the <code>/env/home</code> environment variable (<code>$home</code>) will be used, the <code>./lib/</code> subdirectory under there (which typically/should already exist) will be appended to it, and that appended with <code>./cache/subnetter/</code> (this usually evaluates to <code>/usr/&lt;username&gt;/lib/cache/subnetter/</code>).</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
<li>
<p>For Windows systems&#8230;&#8203;</p>
<div class="ulist">
<ul>
<li>
<p>If <a href="https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/shell/knownfolderid#constants" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the <code>LOCALAPPDATA</code> environment variable</a> is present, it will be <code>%LOCALAPPDATA%\Cache\subnetter\</code> (or <code>${env:LOCALAPPDATA}\Cache\subnetter\</code> in Powershell syntax). This usually evaluates to <code>C:\Users\&lt;username&gt;\AppData\Local\Cache\subnetter\</code>.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sect1">
<h2 id="ref"><a class="link" href="#ref">3. References</a></h2>
<div class="sectionbody">
<div class="admonitionblock tip">
<table>
<tr>
<td class="icon">
<div class="title">Tip</div>
</td>
<td class="content">
<div class="paragraph">
<p>See also the <a href="#ack">Acknowledgements</a> section for specific material used directly.</p>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="paragraph">
<p>This program in general draws inspiration from <code>ipcalc</code> (<a href="http://jodies.de/ipcalc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">0</a>, <a href="https://github.com/kjokjo/ipcalc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">1</a>, <a href="https://gitlab.com/ipcalc/ipcalc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2</a>) and <a href="http://www.routemeister.net/projects/sipcalc/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>sipcalc</code></a>.</p>
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<p>The <code>table</code> subcommand is inspired by <code>iptab</code> from <a href="https://metacpan.org/pod/Net::IP" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Perl Net-IP</a>.</p>
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<p>Additional notes for certain contexts are primarily taken from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Wikipedia article on <em>Classless Inter-Domain Routing</em></a> (as of <em>Jan 28, 2025</em>).</p>
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<p>Reservations are pulled/cached directly from the IANA registries (<a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPv4</a>, <a href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml" target="_blank" rel="noopener">IPv6</a>).</p>
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<h2 id="ack"><a class="link" href="#ack">4. Acknowledgements</a></h2>
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<h3 id="ack_segrefdiag"><a class="link" href="#ack_segrefdiag">4.1. IPv6 Segment Reference Diagram</a></h3>
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<p>The <em>IPv6 Segment Reference Diagram</em> default output as rendered from the <code>table</code> subcommand is generally from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" class="bare">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing</a> as fetched on April 07, 2025.</p>
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<div class="paragraph">
<p>It is licensed under <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Creative Commons CC BY-SA 4.0</a> (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode.en" target="_blank" rel="noopener">full license</a>).</p>
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Last updated 2025-11-08 22:54:28 -0500
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